On Tuesday, writing in the Christian Science Monitor, Louis Rene Beres argued for the legality of an attack on Iran on the grounds of what he called Grotius’s “enduring principle: ‘It be lawful to kill him who is preparing to kill . . .’” -- Beres has been advancing this argument for years. -- Writing in the Jewish Press on Nov. 17, 2004, in an article entitled “Israel, Iran, and Preemptive Attack: Striking First under International Law,” Beres argued that what he calls “anticipatory self-defense” is a “major legal concept.” -- Beres claimed: “The right of self-defense by forestalling an attack is also well established in classical international law. In 1625, Hugo Grotius, in Book II of The Law of War and Peace, indicated that self defense is to be permitted not only after an attack has already been suffered, but also in advance, where ‘. . . the deed may be anticipated.’ Or as he said a bit later on in the text: ‘It be lawful to kill him who is preparing to kill . . .’” -- On Tuesday, writing in the Christian Science Monitor, Beres repeated his argument, but with new insistance: “Iran's latest defiance of the International Atomic Energy Agency says it all: Further diplomacy has no chance of stopping Iran's nuclear program. Neither will U.N. sanctions have any effect. Unless there is a timely defensive first strike at pertinent elements of Iran's expanding nuclear infrastructures, it will acquire nuclear weapons. The consequences would be intolerable and unprecedented. . . . Iran must be stopped immediately from acquiring atomic arms, and this can only be accomplished through ‘anticipatory self-defense.’ Precise defensive attacks against Iran's nuclear assets would be effective — and they would be entirely legal.” -- “Anticipatory self-defense” is nothing but a neo-Orwellian name for aggressive war. -- Beres and the other neoconservatives who quote Grotius distort his meaning by truncating his text. -- What Grotius really wrote was this: “[W]hen our lives are threatened with immediate danger, it is lawful to kill the aggressor” (Book II, Chapter 1; emphasis added). -- And: “Now if any one intend no immediate violence, but is found to have formed a conspiracy to destroy me by assassination, or poison, or by false accusation, perjury, or suborned witnesses, I have no right to kill him” (ibid.; emphasis added). -- Beres is a significant member of what Mearsheimer and Walt have called "the Israel Lobby"; see a summary of his career and writings below.[2] ...
1.
Commentary
Opinion
THE CASE FOR STRIKES AGAINST IRAN
By Louis Rene Beres
** Diplomacy alone won't stop Iran's nuclear ambitions. **
Christian Science Monitor
May 8, 2007
http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0508/p09s01-coop.html
WEST LAFAYETTE, Indiana -- Iran's latest defiance of the International Atomic Energy Agency says it all: Further diplomacy has no chance of stopping Iran's nuclear program. Neither will U.N. sanctions have any effect.
Unless there is a timely defensive first strike at pertinent elements of Iran's expanding nuclear infrastructures, it will acquire nuclear weapons. The consequences would be intolerable and unprecedented.
A nuclear Iran would not resemble any other nuclear power. There could be no stable "balance of terror" involving that Islamic Republic. Unlike nuclear threats of the Cold War, which were governed by mutual assumptions of rationality and mutual assured destruction, a world with a nuclear-armed Iran could explode at any moment. Although it might still seem reasonable to suggest a postponement of preemption until Iran were more openly nuclear, the collateral costs of any such delay could be unendurable.
Ideally, a diplomatic settlement with Iran could be taken seriously. But in the real world, we must compare the price of prompt preemptive action against Iran with the costs of both: (1) inaction; and (2) delayed military action. To be sure, all available options are apt to be injurious.
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad maintains that his country's nuclear program is intended only to produce electricity, but there is no plausible argument or evidence to support this claim. Meanwhile, Mr. Ahmadinejad's genocidal intentions toward Israel are abundantly clear.
Iran must be stopped immediately from acquiring atomic arms, and this can only be accomplished through "anticipatory self-defense." Precise defensive attacks against Iran's nuclear assets would be effective -- and they would be entirely legal.
They would be effective because the U.S. has at its disposal the "McInerney Plan" (after Lt. Gen. Thomas McInerney, USAF/ret.). It calls, in part, for an immediate strike force to hit Iran's nuclear development facilities, command, and control centers, integrated air defenses, selected Air Force and Navy units, and its Shahab-3 missiles, using more than 2,500 aim points. Operationally, the United States Air Force is best configured for such a complex task, but it would not necessarily be impossible for the Israeli Air Force to execute.
It would be lawful because the U.S. and/or Israel would be acting in appropriate self-defense. Both countries could act on behalf of the international community and could do so lawfully without wider approval. The right of self-defense by forestalling an attack has a long and authoritative history in international law. In the 1625 classic "On the Law of War and Peace," Hugo Grotius expresses the enduring principle: "It be lawful to kill him who is preparing to kill . . ."
Today, some scholars say that Article 51 of the U.N. Charter overrides that right. But international law is not a suicide pact.
We must act very quickly on Iran. Many critics will argue that the expected consequences of any prompt preemptive strike would be overwhelming, including greatly expanded terror attacks against assorted Western targets, and perhaps regional or even global war. Although such dire prospects should not be dismissed, there is certainly no reason to believe that an American or Israeli preemption would make them more likely. On the contrary, it seems far more plausible that defensive strikes would suppress Iranian adventurism and subversion. Iran's foreign policy is animated by very rigid religious expectations, and these expectations won't diminish if Iran is allowed to acquire nuclear weapons.
A more important reservation about preemption involves tactical difficulties. Due to delays, the success of strikes against certain key Iranian targets may already be in doubt. Worse, such strikes would probably entail high civilian casualties because Iran has deliberately placed sensitive military assets amid civilian populations -- an international crime called "perfidy."
But further delay will only multiply the number of casualties from any future operation, or -- in the worst-case scenario -- allow Iran to become fully nuclear.
--Louis Rene Beres, a professor of international law at Purdue University, is the author of many works on nuclear strategy.
2.
Speaker
PROFESSOR LOUIS RENE BERES
http://www.intelligencesummit.org/speakers/Beres.php
Prof. Louis René Beres lectures and publishes widely on matters of terrorism, strategy, and international law. The author of several early books on nuclear war and nuclear terrorism, he is closely involved with Israeli security issues, and is Chair of "Project Daniel," a group advising Israel's former Prime Minister on existential nuclear questions. The group's final report, Israel's Strategic Future, has been the subject of several dozen editorial columns in some of the world's leading magazines and newspapers. Professor Beres' most recent articles have appeared in International Security (Harvard), and in the Policy Paper series of the Ariel Center for Policy Research (Israel). His opinion columns appear in such major newspapers as the New York Times, Washington Post, Washington Times, Chicago Tribune, Indianapolis Star, the Jerusalem Post and Haaretz (Israel). He is also Strategic and Military Affairs analyst for THE JEWISH PRESS in New York City. Louis Rene Beres was born in Zurich, Switzerland, and educated at Princeton (Ph.D., 1971).
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
Apocalypse: Nuclear Catastrophe in World Politics (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1980), 315 pp.
Terrorism and Global Security: The Nuclear Threat (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979), 161 pp. (2nd ed., 1987).
Security or Armageddon: Israel's Nuclear Strategy (Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1986), 242 pp.